Instructions
Please either 1) typeset your answers in LATEX and submit a PDF file through Piazza, or else 2) write answers by hand and turn in a physical copy in class, 3) write answers by hand and send a scanned PDF file. We prefer to read succinct and precise answers. If you can be precise while being succinct with your answers, please try.
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How multiple choice is graded. Multiple choice questions may have multiple correct answers. If there are N multiple correct answers, then each correct answer is worth 1/N of the total points for the question. You lose 1/N points for every wrong answer you circle. The total cannot go negative. In code, score = points * max(num correct – num wrong) / total correct
1 Indistinguishability [6 pts]
1. (3 pts) If {Xn}n is computationally indistinguishable from {Yn}n, {Yn}n is computationally indistin- guishable from {Zn}n, then (select the one that is always correct)
(a) {Xn}n is computationally indistinguishable from {Zn}n
(b) {Xn}n can be distinguished from {Zn}n
(c) Sometimes {Xn}n can be distinguished from {Zn}n, sometimes {Xn}n is computationally indis- tinguishable from {Zn}n
2. If Xn n can be distinguished from Yn n, Yn n can be distinguished from Zn n, then (select the one that is always correct)
(a) {Xn}n is computationally indistinguishable from {Zn}n
(b) {Xn}n can be distinguished from {Zn}n
(c) Sometimes {Xn}n can be distinguished from {Zn}n, sometimes {Xn}n is computationally indis- tinguishable from {Zn}n
2 Useful Asymptotical Notations [6 points]
(No need to prove throughout this question.)
2.1 [2 pts]
Among the following functions in n, please select all that are negligible functions in n:
a. 12 b. 1
c. 1
d. n−3 e. n− log log log n f. 2n g. nlog log n
2n 2n
nlog log n
2.2 [2 pts]
Suppose that f1(n), f2(n) are negligible functions in n. Let g(n) denote some fixed polynomial in n. Which of the following must be negligible functions in n:
a. f1(n) + f2(n) b. f1(n)f2(n) c. f1(n)g(n) d. g(n) e. √f1(n) f. f1(n)g(n)
2.3 [2 pts]
(Let g1(n), g2(n) denote two fixed polynomials in n. Which of the following must be polynomial in n:
a. g1(n) + g2(n) b. g1(n)g2(n) c. g1(n)g2(n) d. g1(n) + 203942 e. g1(n) + 2n f. g1(n)100
g. 2g1(n)
3 Pseudorandomness [10 pts]
3.1 Pseudorandom Generators [5 pts]
Let tt : {0, 1}λ → {0, 1}λ be a PRG. Circle all PRGs below. (No need to prove)
a. ttj(s) = if |s| > 1024 then tt(s) else 0A(|s|)
b. ttj(s1 || s2) = tt(s1) ⊕ tt(s2), where |s1| = |s2| = λ c. ttj(s1