More Effective C++之引用计数
副标题#e#
Reference counting让我想起了Java,当假如想用C++来实现Java的本领的话,那Reference counting必不行少。Reference counting可以节减措施的运行本钱,大量的结构、析构、分派、释放和拷贝的价钱被省略。
实现
classRCObject
{
  public:
   RCObject():refCount(0),shareable(true){}
   RCObject(constRCObject&):refCount(0),shareable(true){}
   RCObject& operator=(constRCObject& rhs){return *this;}
   virtual ~RCObject()=0;
   void AddReference(){++refCount;}
   void RemoveReference(){if (--refCount == 0) deletethis;}
   void markUnshareable(){shareable = false;}
   bool isShareable() const{returnshareable;}
   bool isShared() const {returnrefCount > 1;}
  private:
   int refCount;
   bool shareable;
};
RCObject::~RCObject(){}
template <classT>
class RCPtr
{
  public:
   RCPtr(T* realPtr = 0):pointee(realPtr){init();}
   RCPtr(constRCPtr& rhs):pointee(rhs.pointee){init();}
   ~RCPtr(){if (pointee) pointee->RemoveReference();}
   RCPtr& operator = (constRCPtr& rhs)
   {
    if (pointee!=rhs.pointee)
    {
     if (pointee)
      pointee->RemoveReference();
      pointee = rhs.pointee;
      init();
    }
    return *this;
   }
   T* operator->() const { returnpointee;}
   T& operator*() const{return *pointee;}
  private:
   T* pointee;
   void init()
   {
    if (pointee == 0)
     return;
    if (pointee->isShareable() == false)
     pointee = newT(*pointee);
    pointee->AddReference();
   }
};
class String
{
  public:
   String(const char* value = ""):value(newStringValue(value)){}
   const char& operator[](intnIndex) const
   {
    return value->data[nIndex];
   }
   char& operator[](intnIndex)
   {
    if (value->isShared())
     value = newStringValue(value->data);
     value->markUnshareable();
     returnvalue->data[nIndex];
   }
  protected:
  private:
   struct StringValue:publicRCObject
   {
    char* data;
    String Value(constchar* initValue)
    {
     init(initValue);
    }
    String Value(constStringValue& rhs)
    {
     init(rhs.data);
    }
    void init(constchar * initValue)
    {
     data = newchar[strlen(initValue) + 1];
     strcpy(data,initValue);
    }
    ~String Value()
    {
     delete [] data;
    }
   };
   RCPtr<StringValue> value;
};
#p#副标题#e#
这是Meyers给出的String的实现,然而我的概念是假如没有出格的须要的话,对stirng最好不要利用引用计数,因为在多线程措施中同步的价钱要大于引用计数自己的长处,得不偿失。
假如StringValue是一个现成的类,无法修改它的实现,那怎么办?不要紧可以用委托,下面是一个典范的实现:
classRCObject
{
public:
RCObject():refCount(0),shareable(true){}
RCObject(constRCObject&):refCount(0),shareable(true){}
RCObject& operator=(constRCObject& rhs){return *this;}
virtual ~RCObject()=0;
void AddReference(){++refCount;}
void RemoveReference(){if (--refCount == 0) deletethis;}
void markUnshareable(){shareable = false;}
bool isShareable() const{returnshareable;}
bool isShared() const {returnrefCount > 1;}
private:
int refCount;
bool shareable;
};
RCObject::~RCObject(){}
template<classT>
class RCIPtr
{
public:
RCIPtr(T* realPtr = 0):counter(new CountHolder)
{
counter->pointee = realPtr;
init();
}
RCIPtr(constRCIPtr& rhs):counter(rhs.counter)
{
init();
}
~RCIPtr()
{
counter->RemoveReference();
}
RCIPtr& operator = (constRCIPtr& rhs)
{
if (counter != rhs.counter)
{
counter->RemoveReference();
counter = rhs.counter;
init();
}
return *this;
}
constT* operator->()const
{
returncounter->pointee;
}
T* operator->()
{
makeCopy();
returncounter->pointee;
}
constT& operator*() const
{
return *(counter->pointee);
}
T& operator*()
{
makeCopy();
return *(counter->pointee);
}
private:
struct CountHolder:publicRCObject
{
~Count Holder(){deletepointee;}
T* pointee;
};
Count Holder* counter;
void init()
{
if (counter->isShareable() == false)
{
T* oldValue = counter->pointee;
counter = newCountHolder;
counter->pointee = newT(*oldValue);
}
counter->AddReference();
}
void makeCopy()
{
if (counter->isShared())
{
T* oldValue = counter->pointee;
counter->RemoveReference();
counter = newCountHolder;
counter->pointee = newT(*oldValue);
counter->AddReference();
}
}
};
class Widget
{
public:
Widget(intSize){}
Widget(constWidget& rhs){}
~Widget(){}
Widget operator=(const Widget& rhs){}
void doThis(){printf("doThis()\n");return;}
int showThat() const{printf("showThat()\n"); return 0;}
protected:
private:
inti;
};
class RCWidget
{
public:
RCWidget(intsize):value(newWidget(size)){}
void doThis(){value->doThis();}
int showThat()const {returnvalue->showThat();}
protected:
private:
RCIPtr<Widget> value;
};
评估
实现引用计数是需要有前提的,不是所有的环境下,利用引用计数都是符合的。适合环境如下:
相对多的工具共享相对少量的实值。
工具的实值发生可能销毁的本钱很高,可能占用许多内存。
可是要记着,纵然是Java也会有内存泄漏,不要指望小小的引用计数(上面简朴的实现)不会发生同样的问题。
引用计数是一项很深奥的技能,想想Java,所以需要很审慎的看待,进展它能带来措施设计上的优化。